Imaging and clinical study on the relationship between abnormal development of the proximal sacrum and precise insertion of sacroiliac screws / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of robot-assisted sacroiliac screw implantation in the treatment of proximal dysplasia sacral fractures.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 191 patients admitted to the Pelvic Department of Tianjin Hospital from May 2016 to January 2021 who underwent robot assisted sacroiliac screw implantation with sacral fractures, including 105 males and 86 females, aged 38.5±6.5 years (ranging from 19 to 69 years old). Among them, there were 85 patients with dysplasia of proximal sacrum. According to the classification of proximal sacral dysplasia, the patients were divided into five groups: the steep sacral alar slope group ( n=60), the mastoid protrusion group ( n=30), the lumbar sacralization group ( n=25), the sacral foramen oval degeneration group ( n=23) and the S 1 anterior cortical depression group ( n=10). The remaining 106 patients were normal group. Iliac cortical density (ICD) line typing was recorded in the 85 patients. The the completion of sacroiliac screw implantation, the Gras score of screw position after operation, the postoperative complications, the minimum diameter of S 1 screw channel (R1), the angle ∠A between the S 1 sacroiliac screw in the coronal plane and the cephalic side, and the angle ∠B between the S 1 sacroiliac screw in the water plane and the ventral side were recorded and compared with those of normal development patients. Results:The incidence of steep sacral alar slope was the highest (31.4%, 60/191). There were 2 or more developmental abnormalities in 24 cases. In 85 cases with dysplasia of proximal sacrum, ICD line type I was found in 8 cases, type II in 12 cases and type III in 65 cases. 49 patients (58.8%, 49/85) were able to complete the implantation of S 1 sacroiliac screw, while 36 patients (35.3%, 36/85) were only able to complete the implantation of S 2 sacroiliac screw. The Gras score of postoperative screw position was 90.05% for grade I, 9.94% for grade II, and 0 for grade III. In 1 case the sacroiliac screw pierced through the anterior cortex of the sacrum, and in 1 case the screw partially threaded into the sacral foramen, and there were no symptoms of iatrogenic nerve injury. The R1 values of the preoperative steep sacral alar slope group, the mastoid protrusion group, the sacral foramen oval degeneration group, the lumbar sacralization group, the sacral foramen oval degeneration group and normal development patient group were 11.4±3.0, 11.6±3.2, 9.8±3.0, 8.8±4.2, 6.5±4.4, and 11.4±3.4 mm, respectively. The differences between the lumbar sacralization group, the sacral foramen oval degeneration group, and the S1 anterior cortical depression group with the normal development patients were statistically significant, respectively ( t=-3.05, P=0.005; t=-2.32, P=0.022; t=-3.45, P=0.006). The postoperative angle ∠A of the above six groups were 33.8°±4.2°, 20.8°±3.5°, 25.8°±2.5°, 35.5°±4.5, 27.8°±3.5° and 26.8°±5.0°, respectively. The postoperative angle ∠B of the above six groups were 27.8°±3.5°, 36.2°±3°, 26.3°±1.8°, 29.8°±2.7°, 14.8°±1.5° and 37.2±4.2°, respectively. The differences between the ∠A of the steep sacral alar slope group, the mastoid protrusion group, and tthe lumbar sacralization group with that of the normal development patients were statistically significant, respectively ( t=9.17, -7.48, 7.97, P<0.001). The differences between the ∠B of the steep sacral alar slope group, the lumbar sacralization group, the sacral foramen oval degeneration group, and the S 1 anterior cortical depression group with that of the normal development patients were statistically significant, respectively ( t=-14.68, -10.93, -19.79, -35.8, P<0.001). Conclusion:This study proposes the "absolute stenosis" of the S 1 screw channel; In the treatment of patients with abnormal proximal sacral fracture, attention should be paid to S 1 anterior cortical depression and lumbar sacralization, and robot-assisted sacroiliac screw implantation can further improve the safety and accuracy of sacroiliac screw implantation.

Robot-assisted sacroiliac screw fixation to treat fragility fractures of the sacrum in the elderly / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the clinical outcome of Robot-assisted sacroiliac screw fixation in the treatment of fragility fracture of the sacrum in the elderly.Methods:From March 2016 to June 2022, a retrospective analysis was performed on 30 patients with fragility fractures of the sacrum in the elderly who accepted robot-assisted sacroiliac screw to treat fragility fractures of the sacrum in our hospital. There were 12 males and 18 females with average age 71.03±8.25 years (range, 60-89 years). According to the classification of fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP) in the elderly, there were 22 patients with FFP II, 2 patients with FFP III, and 6 patients with FFP IV. Surgical planning was based on the average CT value of S 1 channel and whether there is a transsacral screw channel. Robot-assisted sacroiliac screw fixation was performed during surgery. The pain of pre-operation and post-operation was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS), the position of sacroiliac screws was evaluated by Gras grading, and the degree of functional recovery after surgery was evaluated using the Majeed function score. Results:All 30 patients successfully completed the operation. The mean operation time was 27.00±6.68 min (range, 18-35 min), the mean fluoroscopy times were 27.13±5.16 (range, 18-34), and the mean blood loss was 30.53±6.61 ml (range, 23-38 ml). All patients were followed up, and the mean follow-up time was 19.03±7.8 months (range, 8-25 months). The VAS was 5(5, 6), 4(3, 4), 3(2, 3), 0(0, 1) points before surgery, 1 week, 2 months and 6 months after surgery, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( H=103.26, P<0.001). After the surgery of 2 months, 6 months and the last follow-up time, the Majeed function scores were 88(83, 90), 91(87, 92), 92(90, 93) points, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( H=19.59, P<0.001). Screw position was evaluated according to Gras grading at 3 days after surgery, including 28 cases of level I, 2 cases of level II, and no screw penetrated the cortical bone or entered the sacral canal or sacral foramen. No vascular or nerve injury occured during the operation. 28 patients with FFS met the fracture healing criteria, and the healing time was 4.54±1.57 months (range, 3-7 months). Two patients had bone nonunion, one of whom underwent anterior ring plate removal due to infection of the pelvic anterior wound, and one month later, pelvic CT scan revealed loosening of the sacroiliac screw; the other one is considered to be related to too early weight bearing. Conclusion:For fragility fractures of the sacrum in elderly, Robot-assisted sacroiliac screw is an effective minimally invasive treatment, with high accuracy of screw placement, effective pain reduction, improved fracture healing rate, and achieve the satisfactory clinical efficacy.

Application of minimally invasive ultrasonic osteotome in robotic-assisted sacral tumor resection / 中华骨科杂志

Sacral tumors are surgically challenging and at a high risk of complications. In recent years, robotic-assisted resection has been gradually applied in sacral tumors, but it is difficult to remove bone tissue by present robotic instruments, which limits the application of surgical robot in sacral tumor. The present study aimed to explore the application range and therapeutic effect of minimally invasive ultrasonic osteotome in robotic-assisted sacral tumor resection. Eighteen patients underwent robotic-assisted sacral tumor resection in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from May 2015 to March 2021 by the Da Vinci robotic surgical system. Among them three patients who underwent osteotomy with minimally invasive ultrasonic osteotome were enrolled. There were 2 males and 1 female, aged 24, 32, 71 years, respectively. The tumors included 2 schwannomas and 1 ganglioneuroma. The operation time, bleeding volume and postoperative hospitalization days were recorded. The recurrence and complications were evaluated during follow-up. The operative time of the 3 patients was 80, 240 and 300 minutes, and the intraoperative bleeding volume was 30, 30 and 100 ml. Complete resection was performed in 2 cases and intralesional resection in 1 case. The postoperative hospital stay was 5, 3 and 7 days respectively. The follow-up time was 58, 17 and 31 months respectively. No tumor recurrence was found during the follow-up. As regards complications, only one patient had left foot pain after operation, and there were no other intraoperative or postoperative complications. The therapeutic advantages of ultrasonic osteotome combined with the Da Vinci robotic surgical system can achieve precise osteotomy, reduce intraoperative bleeding and accelerate postoperative recovery for certain patients with sacral tumors.

Angiolipoma sacro. Reporte de un caso / Sacral angiolipoma. A case report

Fundamento: Los angiolipomas son tumores benignos que se presentan en adultos con una localización, preferentemente, en el espacio epidural posterior torácico. Objetivo: Presentar un caso que debutó con un traumatismo axial lumbosacro donde se evidenció una localización poco común de la lesión y sin relación con las estructuras del canal raquídeo. Presentación del caso: Hombre de 25 años que se cayó y debido a ello se le hizo un traumatismo directo en la región sacrococcígea con dolor y aumento de volumen regional, asociado a parestesias glúteas. Los estudios radiológicos evidenciaron una fractura del cóccix y la presencia de una lesión ubicada en las partes blandas, de aspecto redondeado, homogéneo, sólido, de poco más de 50 mm de diámetro. Se le realizó tratamiento quirúrgico que consistió en coccigectomía subperióstica y exéresis macroscópica de la masa. El estudio histológico concluyó el diagnóstico de un angiolipoma. Conclusiones: Los angiolipomas son tumores raros que tienen características radiológicas peculiares, requieren de alta sospecha clínico-imagenológica para indicar los estudios y el tratamiento. La exéresis total es recomendada para evitar la recurrencia y mejorar el pronóstico.

Background: Angiolipomas are benign tumors that appear in adults with special location in the posterior thoracic epidural position. Objective: To present a case that appeared with a lumbosacral axial trauma where a non-common lesion location was evidenced with no relation among the structures of the spinal canal. Case presentation: 25-year-old man who fell down, consequently suffered a painful direct trauma to the sacrococcygeal region and increased regional volume, associated with gluteal paresthesias. Radiological studies showed a fracture of the coccyx and presence of a lesion located in the soft tissues, with a rounded, homogeneous, solid aspect, a little more than 50 mm in diameter. Surgical treatment consisted of subperiosteal coccygectomy and macroscopic excision of the mass. Histological study concluded the diagnosis of an angiolipoma. Conclusions: Angiolipomas are rare tumors with peculiar radiological features, they require high clinical-imaging suspicion for studies and treatment. Total excision is recommended to avoid recurrence and improve prognosis.

Cordoma sacral metastático / Metastatic sacral chordoma

Os cordomas sacrais (CS) são tumores ósseos malignos primários da coluna vertebral de ocorrência rara, com incidência entre 0,000005-0,000027%. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de CS metastático. Homem de 41 anos, sem comorbidades, chega ao serviço de referência apresentando lesão sacral. Ressonância magnética mostrou tratar-se de tumor com 9,3 cm sugestivo de mieloma ou cordoma. Realizou-se biópsia e histopatológico, confirmando o diagnóstico de CS. O paciente submeteu-se à excisão cirúrgica do tumor. Seis meses após a cirurgia, evoluiu com recidiva e implantes metastáticos em coluna vertebral, partes moles da parede torácica, fígado e espa-ço pleural, evoluindo com paraplegia. Não havia indicação de radioterapia e/ou quimioterapia adjuvante. Não havia também possibilidade de liberação de imatinibe pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Em cerca de 28 meses de seguimento clínico mensal, o paciente foi a óbito. O caso apresentado mostrou um CS sem sucesso cirúrgico, o que é associa-do a pior prognóstico. O paciente apresentou disseminação sistêmica do tumor e paraplegia poucos meses após a cirurgia, indo a óbito em 28 meses de seguimento. (AU)

Sacral chordomas (SC) are rare primary malignant bone tumors of the vertebral column, with an incidence between 0.000005-0.000027%. This study aims to describe a case of metastatic SC. A 42-year-old man without comorbid conditions, arrived at the referral center, presenting with a sacral lesion. MRI showed a tumor measuring 9.3 cm that was suggestive of myeloma or chordoma. A biopsy with histopathology study was performed, confirming the diagnosis of SC. The patient underwent surgical tumor excision. Six months after surgery, the tumor recurred with metastatic vertebral column implants, soft tissues of the chest wall, liver, and pleural space, and the patient developed paraplegia. There was no indication of adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. There was also no possibility that the Unified Health System would approve imatinib. At about 28 months of monthly clinical follow-up, the patient died. The case presented showed unsuccessful SC surgery, which is associated with a worse prognosis. The patient had systemic tumor dissemination and paraplegia a few months after surgery, dying at 28 months of follow-up. (AU)

Sacro-pelvic Anthropometry in the Portuguese Population and Its Implication for Screw Placement in Spinal Surgery: A Single Centre Retrospective Analysis / Antropometria sacropélvica na população portuguesa e sua importância na colocação de parafusos em cirurgias da coluna vertebral: Análise retrospectiva de um único centro

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to assess the sacropelvic anthropometry in the Portuguese population, through the study of pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans. Methods Pelvic CT scans of 40 individuals were analyzed, and the length and angle measurements were performed according to predefined screw trajectories of S1 anterior (S1A), anterolateral (S1AL) and anteromedial (S1AM), S2 anterolateral (S2AL) and anteromedial (S2AM), S2 alar iliac (S2AI), iliac, and sacroiliac (SI) screws. Comparisons between genders were also performed. Results The S1A screw trajectory mean length was 30.80 mm. The S1AL mean length and lateral angle were 36.48 mm and 33.13°, respectively, and the S1AM's were 46.23 mm and 33.21°. The S2AL mean length was 28.66 mm and lateral angle was 26.52°, and the S2AM length and angle were 29.99 mm and 33.61°, respectively. The S2 alar-iliac screw trajectory mean length, lateral, and caudal angles were 125.84 mm, 36.78°, and 28.66°, respectively. The iliac screw trajectory mean length, lateral, and caudal angles were 136.73 mm, 23,86° and 24.01°, respectively. The sacroiliac screw trajectory length was 75.50 mm. The length of the screws was longer in men than in women, except for the S1A and SI screws, for which no difference was found between genders. Conclusion This study describes sacropelvic anatomical specifications. These defined morphometric details should be taken into consideration during surgical procedures.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a antropometria sacropélvica da população portuguesa por meio de exames de tomografia computadorizada (TC). Métodos Quarenta TCs pélvicas foram analisadas para determinação do comprimento e ângulo das trajetórias definidas dos parafusos, como trajetória anterior (S1A), anterolateral (S1AL) e anteromedial (S1AM) do parafuso no pedículo de S1, trajetória anterolateral (S2AL) e anteromedial (S2AM) do parafuso no pedículo de S2 e trajetória ilíaca alar (S2AI), ilíaca e sacroilíaca (SI) do parafuso em S2. Comparações entre sexos também foram realizadas. Resultados O comprimento médio da trajetória S1A foi de 30,80 mm. O comprimento médio e o ângulo lateral de S1AL foram de 36,48 mm e 33,13°, respectivamente, e de S1AM, 46,23 mm e 33,21°. O comprimento médio e o ângulo lateral de S2AL foram de 28,66 mm e 26,52° e, de S2AM, 29,99 mm e 33,61°. O comprimento médio da trajetória ilíaca alar e os ângulos lateral e caudal do parafuso em S2 foram de 125,84 mm, 36,78° e 28,66°, respectivamente. O comprimento médio da trajetória ilíaca e os ângulos lateral e caudal foram 136,73 mm, 23,86° e 24,01°, respectivamente. O comprimento da trajetória sacroilíaca foi de 75,50 mm. O comprimento dos parafusos foi maior em homens do que em mulheres, à exceção dos parafusos S1A e SI, que não apresentaram diferenças entre os sexos. Conclusão Este estudo descreve as especificações anatômicas sacropélvicas. Esses detalhes morfométricos definidos devem ser considerados durante os procedimentos cirúrgicos.

Historia y reconceptualización del término sacro / History and reconceptualization of the sacrum term

RESUMEN: En Terminologia Anatomica el término sacro es identificado con el número 1071. En el humano, es el hueso vertebral de mayor tamaño formado por la fusión de cinco vértebras. El origen del término sacro sigue en discusión y no está del todo claro, además, la pertinencia de esta denominación ha sido poco abordada en la literatura. Así, el objetivo de este artículo fue analizar el término sacro y luego proponer un término para la denominación de esta estructura anatómica siguiendo las recomendaciones de la Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). A este hueso se le llamó sacro, por considerarse sagrado, ya que tiene un profundo significado religioso, aunque también se le ha atribuido otras tradiciones como las místicas y los rituales. El término sacro no favorece el entendimiento, ya que no es descriptivo ni informativo, por lo que sugerimos su cambio a vértebra magna (vertebrae magna), ya que esta propuesta sigue las recomendaciones de la FIPAT, es decir, no solo ser unívoco, sino también preciso.

SUMMARY: In International Anatomical Terminology, the term sacrum is identified with the number 1071. In humans, it is the largest vertebral bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae. The origin of the term sacrum is still under discussion and is not entirely clear, in addition, the relevance of this denomination has been little addressed in the literature. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the term sacrum and then propose a term for the denomination of this anatomical structure following the recommendations of the Federative International Program for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). This bone was called sacrum, because it is considered sacred, since it has a deep religious meaning, although other traditions such as mysticism and rituals have also been attributed to it. The term sacrum does not favor understanding, since it is neither descriptive nor informative, so we suggest changing it to vertebrae magna (vertebrae magna), since this proposal follows the FIPAT recommendations, that is, not only be unequivocal, but also accurate.

Surgical management of sacral neurogenic tumors / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the efficacy and complications of one-stage tumor resection to treat primary sacral neurogenic tumors and to discuss some details in the clinically relevant anatomy.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis of 26 patients with neurogenic turors of the sacral spine who were surgically treated from January 2001 to January 2018, including 16 males and 10 females, aged from 21 to 69 years old with an average age of (39.3±10.9) years old. The courses of diseases ranged from 3 to 56 months with an average of (17.9±10.1) months. The diameters of presacral components ranged from 3.3 to 19.6 cm with an average of (8.7±4.1) cm. The proximal margin of presacral lesions was above the L5S1 level in 6 cases, and lower than L5S1 in 20 cases. A posterior incision approach for one-stage complete resection of the tumor was used firstly, and an anterior approach was combined when necessary. Spinal-pelvic reconstruction with the modified Galveston technique was also carried out in relevant cases. Whether to preserve the tumor-involved nerve roots depended on the situation during the operation. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, pain relief, and complications were recorded. The lumbosacral spine stability and sacral plexus neurological function were evaluated during postoperative follow-up, and local recurrence and distant metastasis were examined as well.@*RESULTS@#Total excision was achieved in all 26 patients, with an operation time of (160.4±35.3) mins and an intraoperative blood loss of (1 092.3±568.8) ml. Tumors have been removed via a posterior-only approach in 21 cases and via combined anterior/posterior approaches in 5 cases. The diameter of presacral masses components ranged from 11.3 to 19.6 cm with an average of (15.1±3.2) cm in patients with combined anterior/posterior approaches, and ranged from 3.3 to 10.9 cm with an average of (7.2±2.4) cm in patients with a posterior-only approach. Five of the six patients whose proximal margin of presacral masses was above the L5S1 level adopted combined anterior/posterior approaches, and 20 patients lower than the L5S1 level adopted the posterior-only approach. All the patients were followed up for 6 to 82 months with an average of(45.4±18.2)months. Postoperative lumbosacral pain and lower extremity radicular pain were significantly relieved, and sensation, muscle strength and bowel and bladder function were also improved to varying degrees. The postoperative early complications included superficial wound infection in 1 case and cerebrospinal fluid leakage in 2 cases. Pathology confirmed 17 cases of schwannoma, 7 cases of neurofibroma and 2 cases of malignant schwannoma. Local recurrence was observed in two cases of benign neurogenic tumors. One patient with a malignant nerve sheath tumor had lung metastasis, who died 20 months after the operation. In 17 cases of upper sacral neurogenic tumors, 4 cases did not undergo spinal-pelvic reconstruction with internal fixation, of which 2 cases suffered from postoperative segmental instability. Tumor-involved nerve roots were resected during surgery in 7 cases. One of these patients who had S2 and S3 nerve roots sacrificed simultaneously had an impaired bladder and bowel function postoperatively, and did not recover completely. In the other 6 cases, the neurological function was not damaged obviously or recovered well.@*CONCLUSION@#The posterior approach can directly expose the lesions, and it is also convenient to deal with nerve roots and blood vessels. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, degree of symptom relief, complication rate, and recurrence and metastasis rate can be controlled at an appropriate level. It is a safe and effective surgical approach. When the upper edge of the presacral mass is higher than the L5S1 level or the diameter of the presacral mass exceeds 10 cm, an additional anterior approach should be considered. The stress between the spine and pelvis is high, and internal fixation should be used to restore the mechanical continuity of the spine and pelvis during resection of neurogenic tumors of the high sacral spine. Most of the parent nerve roots have lost their function. Resection of a single parent nerve root is unlikely to cause severe neurological dysfunction, while the adjacent nerve roots have compensatory functions and should be preserved as much as possible during surgery.

The clinical value analysis of MRN on diagnosis and treatment of lumbosacral nerve injury associated with sacral fractures / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To discuss the clinical value of magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) on diagnosis and treatment of lumbosacral nerve injury associated with sacral fractures and analyze the characters of nerve injury which was caused by sacral fractures.Methods:The clinical data of 40 patients who had lumbosacral nerve injury associated with sacral fractures and accepted treatment in Tianjin hospital from August 2018 to December 2020 were collected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twenty-four patients had unilateral sacral fractures (Tile C1) which included 16 Denis II type fractures and 8 Denis III type fractures. Sixteen patients had bilateral sacral fractures which were all Tile C3, U shaped and Denis II type sacral fractures. All patients had symptoms or signs of lumbosacral nerve injury, and accepted contrast-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance neurography (CE-3D MRN) to diagnose the injury part and severity degree. The L 5-S 4 nerves were separated to three parts based on injured side and intraspinal type (IS), intraforaminal type (IF) and extraforaminal type (EF) location, and were judged the mild, medium or severe degree of nerve injury severity. Overall and pairwise Chi-square test was performed on the number of nerve injuries. Eleven patients accepted the operation of nerve dissection and exploration. The nerve injury part and severity were recorded under direct vision, and were statistically analyzed with CE-3D MRN outcome. Results:The outcome of 239 lumbosacral nerve injuries which had different part and severity were found by MRN, and all combined with sacral fractures of the same side. The nerves which ranked from largest to fewest according to injured numbers were L 5, S 1, S 2, S 3 and S 4. The statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences of injured nerve numbers except between S 1 and S 2, S 3 and S 4, and there were no significant difference of nerve injury part and severity degree between the direct visual judgement intraoperatively and preoperative CE-3D MRN examination. Conclusion:MRN can reveal the part and severity degree of lumbosacral nerve injury associated with sacral fracture clearly and accurately, which has important clinical value and should become the preferred examination of such injuries. The lumbosacral nerve injury has the most frequent features of S 1 and S 2, followed by L 5, and the least in S 3 and S 4.

The imaging evaluation and clinical significance of sacral vestibule / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To measure the anatomical parameters of three-dimensional available space of S 1 and S 2 vestibules on Chinese adults by imaging methods, and discuss their clinical values. Methods:Data of 200 cases of pelvic CT with complete posterior ring were collected from January 2015 to January 2021, included 110 males and 90 females. The ages ranged from 21 to 63 years (average, 40.72±10.70 years). Then the parameters of both the left vestibule and the right vestibule of S 1 and S 2 such as vestibular width, vestibular height and vestibular area were measured by the three-dimensional CT reconstructions. Statistical analyses were performed among the groups which were classified according to the gender, side of vestibule to compare the difference of vestibular morphological characteristics among different groups. Results:The average vestibular area of S 1 was 425.71± 45.07 mm 2 (range, 296.3-604.4 mm 2), which was 449.80±28.62 mm 2 (range, 338.3-604.4 mm 2) in males and 388.25±34.01 mm 2 (range, 296.3-498.4 mm 2) in females. The average vestibular width was 28.52±4.34 mm (range, 17.1-36.3 mm), 31.77±2.33 mm (range, 22.46-36.30 mm) in males and 24.55±2.55 mm (range, 17.1-26.1 mm) in females. The mean vestibular height was 21.05±2.29 mm (range, 17.5-32.0 mm), with 21.34±2.37 mm (range, 18.5-32.0 mm) of men and 20.69±1.60 mm (range, 17.5-25.6 mm) of women. The mean S 2 vestibular area was 230.19±35.57 mm 2 (range, 142.5-297.3 mm 2), which was 258.91±28.04 mm 2 (range, 218.3-297.3 mm 2) in males and 205.61±24.12 mm 2 (range, 142.5-258.6 mm 2) in females. The average vestibular width was 15.94±1.72 mm (range, 12.4-20.3 mm), 16.51±1.59 mm (range, 14.4-20.3 mm) in male and 15.25±1.63 mm (range, 12.4-18.1 mm) in female. The mean vestibular height was 14.30±1.20 mm (range, 12.9-17.8 mm), 15.49±1.46 mm (range, 13.6-17.8 mm) in males and 13.73±0.93 mm (range, 12.9-16.1 mm) in females. There were significant differences in vestibular width, height and area between S 1 and S 2 (vestibular width t=3.934, P< 0.001; vestibular height t=3.692, P< 0.001; vestibular area t=4.816, P< 0.001). There were significant differences in S 1 vestibular width, S 1 vestibular height, S 1 and S 2 vestibular area between male groups and female groups (S 1 vestibular width: t=2.969, P=0.003; S 1 vestibular height: t=0.316, P=0.049; S 1 vestibular area: t=1.975, P=0.049; S 2 vestibular area: t=2.023, P=0.044). While there was no significant difference in S 2 vestibular width and height between the two gender groups. There were significant differences in S 1 and S 2 vestibular width, height and area between male and female groups ( P < 0.001). There were no significant difference in parameters between the left and right values of the same vestibular site. Conclusion:The parameters of S 1 sacral vestibule are larger than that of S 2. It implies that S 1 was more feasible to insert iliosacral screws than S 2; lesser diameter iliosacral screws should be selected to insert into S 2. The female S 1 vestibule is smaller than the male, so the iliosacral screws placement has more stringent requirements on the selection of the insertion point and the direction of the screw. And the surgeon can utilize the intact contralateral sacral vestibule as the damaged side to proceed the iliosacral screw inserted simulation.

Minimally invasive adjustable plate and anterior ring distraction reduction for fresh Denis type ⅡB sacral fracture with sacral nerve injury / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To explore the surgical techniques and clinical effects of minimally invasive adjustable plate (MIAP) together with distraction reduction by minimally invasive anterior pelvic ring internal fixator (INFIX) in the treatment of fresh Denis type ⅡB sacral fracture with sacral nerve injury.Methods:From June 2017 to June 2020, 12 fresh Denis type ⅡB sacral fractures were treated by anterior-posterior distraction reduction and fixation with MIAP and INFIX. There were 8 males and 4 females, with an average age of 30 years (from 16 to 44 years). Preoperatively, imaging found Denis ⅡB fracture of the sacrum and magnetic resonance neurography of the lumbosacral plexus showed injury to the sacral nerve root at the sacral foramen. All patients had symptoms of S 1 nerve root injury on the affected side after injury, with 9 cases of grade M0 and 3 cases of grade M1. The time from injury to operation averaged 11 days (from 5 to 19 days). INFIX combined with MIAP was used to distract and fixate the compressed sacral fracture. The quality of fracture reduction and recovery of sacral nerve function were evaluated postoperatively. Results:According to the criteria proposed by Lindahl et al., the quality of fracture reduction was excellent in 8 cases, good in 2 and fair in 2. The 12 cases were followed up for an average of 20 months (from 12 to 36 months). All sacral fractures got united after an average of 6 weeks (from 5 to 8 months). At one-year follow-up, according to the criteria proposed by the Nerve Injuries Committee of the British Medical Research Council, the postoperative muscle strength recovery was evaluated as complete recovery in 10 cases and as partial recovery in 2 cases.Conclusion:In the treatment of fresh Denis type ⅡB sacral fracture, MIAP combined with INFIX can obtain satisfactory clinical effects because the compressed sacrum can be effectively distracted, the sacral foramen be expanded and the sacral nerve be decompressed indirectly.

Fixation with S 2 alar iliac screws for unstable injury to posterior pelvic ring / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To explore the fixation with S 2 alar iliac screws (S 2AI) for unstable injury to the pelvic posterior ring. Methods:The clinical data of 18 patients were analyzed retrospectively who had been treated for unstable injury to the posterior pelvic ring by S 2AI screw fixation at Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University and at Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital to University of South China from September 2017 to December 2020. They were 8 males and 10 females, with an average age of 40 years (from 20 to 64 years). According to Tile classification, there were 3 cases of type B2, 10 cases of type C1 and 5 cases of type C2. Sacral nerve injury was complicated in 3 patients (2 cases of Gibbons grade Ⅱ and one of Gibbons grade Ⅲ). Short-segment S 1-S 2AI fixation was used in 6 cases, contralateral S 1-S 2AI fixation in one case, lumbar-pelvic fixation in 5 cases, and sacroiliac triangle fixation in 6 cases. The accuracy of S 2AI placement was evaluated by CT after operation according to the Shillingford method; the reduction quality of pelvic fractures and complications were documented. Results:All the 18 patients were followed up for 19.8 months (from 12 to 36 months). Bony union was achieved in all fractures. A total of 21 S 2AI were implanted in the 18 patients without intraoperative neurovascular injury. Postoperative CT found penetration into the iliac cortex by S 2AI in 2 cases. According to the Matta criteria, the fracture reduction was excellent in 10 cases, good in 7 and fair in one. Of the 3 patients with preoperative sacral nerve injury, 2 with grade Ⅱ injury recovered to grade Ⅰ and one with grade Ⅲ injury recovered to grade Ⅱ after operation. Superficial infection occurred at the incision site in 2 patients after operation, and complications such as protrusion, rupture or loosening of implants were observed in none of the patients. Conclusion:S 2AI fixation can be flexibly applied to various types of posterior pelvic ring injury and can provide the pelvic ring and the lumbosacral junction with rigid fixation, leading to a low complication rate.

Classification system of sacroiliac joint dislocation with ipsilateral sacral wing fracture and its validity examination and clinical application evaluation / 中华创伤杂志

Objective:To establish the classification system of sacroiliac joint dislocation with ipsilateral sacral wing fracture (SJDISWF), examine its reliability and evaluate the clinical application.Methods:A multi-center retrospective case series study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 20 SJDISWF patients admitted to Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi′an Jiaotong University and Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2016 to December 2019. There were 8 males and 12 females, aged from 13-58 years［(34.7±13.2)years］. Based on the direction of sacral displacement, SJDISWF was divided into 3 types. Type I: the sacroiliac joint dislocated and the ipsilateral sacral wing fracture fragment was anteriorly prolapsed; Type II: the sacroiliac joint dislocated, the ipsilateral sacral wing fracture fragment was compressed or crushed, the anterior sacral foramen may fractured; Type III: the sacroiliac joint dislocated and the ipsilateral sacral wing fracture end was inserted into the sacral canal, causing an intra-sacral canal occupation. The reliability of the classification was performed based on the assessment results of two phases in four observers at 4-week intervals. Treatments were utilized based on the types I, II, III fractures, including anterior approach for open reduction and internal fixation, closed reduction and internal fixation or posterior approach for open reduction and internal fixation respectively. Postoperative fracture healing time was recorded. Quality of fracture reduction was graded according to Matta′s criteria. Majeed functional score was recorded at postoperative 3 months, 6 months and the final follow-up. Complications were detected as well.Results:The overall Kappa value of inter-observer reliability was 0.890. The overall Kappa value of intra-observer reliability was 0.854. There were 12 patients with type I, 7 with type II and 1 with type III. All patients went through the procedure uneventfully and were followed up for 6-36 months［(20.0±8.7)months］. All patients achieved clinical healing in 8-14 weeks［(10.2±1.7)weeks］. According to the Matta′s criteria for fracture reduction, the outcome was excellent or good in 83% (10/12) for type I, 71% (5/7) for type II and 0% (0/1) for type III, with the overall excellent rate of 75%. Majeed functional score was (74.6±5.2)points at postoperative 3 months and (84.4±5.8)points at postoperative 6 months ( P<0.01). According to Majeed functional score, the outcome was excellent or good in 75% (9/12) for type I, 100% (7/7) for type II and 0% (0/1) for type III at the final follow-up, with the overall excellent rate of 80%. There were no complications such as lateral femoral cutaneous nerve or sciatic nerve injury, lower extremity deep vein thrombosis, sacroiliac joint pain, failure of internal fixation or loss of fracture reduction during the follow-up. Conclusions:The SJDISWF classification has high reliability. The classification-oriented treatment strategy has achieved a relatively satisfactory restoration and functional recovery, indicating that the classification plays a certain role in guiding treatment selection for SJDISWF.

Research progress in screw-rod fixation system in the treatment of unstable sacral fracture / 中华创伤杂志

Unstable sacral fracture is usually caused by high-energy trauma. Unstable sacral fracture often results in damage to the mechano-conductive structures of the spine and pelvis and thereby affects walking dysfunction. Treatment of sacral fracture has been a challenge due to the complex local anatomy, unique biomechanics and poor bone quality of the sacrum. The screw-rod fixation system has always played an important role in the treatment of variant sacral fracture and more severe sacral fracture. With the introduction of new technology, the screw-rod fixation system has evolved into a variety of structural types. According to whether the fixation range extends to the spine, it can be divided into two categories including spine-pelvic stabilization techniques and pelvic stabilization techniques. The authors review the progress of the screw-rod fixation system in the treatment of sacral fracture from aspects of biomechanical properties and clinical efficacy, so as to provide a reference for the selection of clinical internal fixation.

Sacral osteotomy combined with triangular osteosynthesis in the treatment of malunion or nonunion of vertically displaced pelvic fractures / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical therapy of sacral osteotomy combined with lumbopelvic distraction triangular osteosynthesis for malunion and nonunion of type C longitudinally displaced sacral fracture.Methods:A retrospective study of 9 patients with malunion and nonunion of type C pelvic fractures who had been treated with sacral osteotomy combined with triangular osteosynthesis from April 2015 to January 2020 were analyzed. They were 5 men and 4 women, with an average age of 30.67±10.06 (range 14-45 years). AO/OTA classification at initial pelvic fracture, 8 cases were type C1.3 and one was type C3.3. The period from injury to surgery was 12.8±18.92 months (range 3-60 months). The cranial displacement of one side of the pelvis was 3.8±0.57 cm (range 2.5-4.1 cm). Sacral osteotomy and triangular osteosynthesis were used in all nine patients, combined with osteotomy or no osteotomy of the superior and inferior branches of the anterior ring pubis. The degree of longitudinal displacement of one side of the pelvis was assessed by making a vertical line gap between the acetabular apex on both sides and the central axis of the sacrum on the X-ray of the pelvis. The Majeed scoring and visual analogue scale (VAS) were evaluated preoperatively and at the last follow-up to assess the therapeutic effect of the patients.Results:In all 9 patients, except for 1 case of postoperative pelvic residual displacement 1.5 cm (preoperative 3.2 cm difference compared with the healthy side), the other 8 patients had a postoperative bilateral difference of 0.1-0.7 cm. All the patients were followed up for 12.00±9.95 months. At the last follow-up, the Majeed score of pelvic fracture increased from 44.0(33.5, 76.0) points preoperatively to 91.0(80.5, 92.5) points. The difference before and after operation was statistically significant ( Z=2.67, P<0.001), and the gait was significantly improved. And the VAS score for pain decreased from 6.00±1.41 points preoperatively to 1.22±0.97 points. The difference before and after operation was statistically significant ( t=8.73, P<0.001). None had complications like infection, plate broken, screw loosening, iatrogenic nerve or blood vessel injury, etc. Conclusion:Sacral osteotomy combined with lumbopelvic distraction triangular osteosynthesis for the treatment of pelvic malunion and nonunion caused by sacral fracture can correct pelvic deformity, prolong limb length, and reconstruct the stability of pelvic ring with good clinical results.

Tumor retrorrectal: Reporte de un caso de Schwannoma / Retrorectal tumor: A case report of Schwannoma

Introducción. En el espacio retrorrectal o presacro pueden desarrollarse lesiones tumorales, tanto benignas como malignas. La mayoría de los pacientes son asintomáticos y, cuando presentan síntomas, éstos son inespecíficos. Entre los tumores retrorrectales se destaca el grupo de origen neurogénico, donde el Schwannoma es el más frecuente.Caso clínico. Mujer de 32 años, con tumor retrorrectal, que producía una sintomatología escasa e imprecisa, diagnosticado durante una intervención quirúrgica por mioma uterino, que finalmenteresultó ser un Schawnnoma. Conclusión. La tomografía computarizada y la resonancia magnética son importantes para el diagnóstico y para establecer el nivel de la lesión en relación con el sacro. La piedra angular del tratamiento es la resección quirúrgica. El abordaje puede ser anterior (abdominal), posterior (perineal, transsacro o parasacrococígeo) o combinado, de acuerdo con su localización al nivel S4

Introduction. Both benign and malignant tumors can develop in the retrorectal or presacral space. Most patients are asymptomatic and, when they do present symptoms, they are nonspecific. Among retrorectal tumors, the group of neurogenic origin stand out, where Schwannoma is the most frequent one. Clinical case. A 32-year-old woman with a retrorectal tumor, which present with imprecise symptoms, diagnosed during a surgical procedure due to a uterine myoma, which finally turned out to be a Schawnnoma. Conclusion. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are important for diagnosis and for establishing the level of the lesion in relation to the sacrum. The cornerstone of treatment is surgical resection. The approach can be anterior (abdominal), posterior (perineal, transsacral or parasacrococcygeal), or combined, according to its location at the S4 level.

Comparison between two methods of measuring pelvic obliquity in cerebral palsy and myelomeningocele / Comparação entre dois métodos de medida de obliquidade pélvica em paralisia cerebral e mielomeningocele / Comparación entre dos métodos de medición de la oblicuidad pélvica en parálisis cerebral y mielomeningocele

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the intra- and inter-observer reproducibility of the evaluation of the pelvic obliquity (PO) in patients with neuro-muscular deformities via the method that uses the iliac crests and the method that uses the upper endplate of S1 and to determine whe ther there is a relationship between the methods. Methods: The digitized panoramic radiographies of thirty patients with cerebral paralysis or myelomeningocelein outpatient monitoring were evaluated by four examiners: two experienced spinal surgeons and two fellows. Two radiographs were excluded because analysis was impossible. All exams were obtained in accordance with the periodic monitoring protocol in the sitting position, using digitized film and a film-focus distance of 110 cm Results: High intra- and inter-observer agreement was observed both for method that uses the iliac crests and the method that evaluates the S1 endplate. However, no significant relationship between the two methods was observed. Conclusions: The methods evaluated had good reproducibility and agreement among the observers. It was confirmed that, on account of the existent linear relation, it is possible to estimate the value of the iliac crest method knowing the value obtained by the S1 plateau multiplied by 0.76. There was no agreement between the iliac crest and S1 plateau PO evaluation methods. Level of evidence IV; Retrospective cross-sectional study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a reprodutibilidade intra e interobservadores da avaliação da obliquidade pélvica (OP) nos pacientes com deformidades neuromusculares pelo método que usa as cristas ilíacas e pelo método que usa o platô superior de S1e avaliar se há relação entre os métodos. Métodos: Trinta radiografias panorâmicas digitalizadas de pacientes com paralisia cerebral e mielomeningocele acompanhados em ambulatório foram avaliadas por quatro examinadores, sendo dois cirurgiões de coluna experientes e doisfellows. Foram excluídas duas radiografias que impossibilitavam a análise. Todos os exames foram obtidos conforme protocolo de acompanhamento periódico, na posição sentada, em filme digitalizado e distância foco-filme de 110 cm. Resultados: Observou-se alta concordância intra e interobservadores tanto do método que usa as cristas ilíacas quanto do método que avalia o platô de S1. No entanto, não foi observada relação significativa entre os dois métodos. Conclusões: Os métodos avaliados apresentam boa reprodutibilidade e concordância entre os observadores. Verificou-se que, por conta da relação linear existente, é possível estimar o valor do método das cristas ilíacas conhecendo o valor obtido pelo método do platô de S1 multiplicado por 0,76. Não houve concordância entre o método de avaliação da OP pelas cristas ilíacas em comparação com o método de avaliação pelo platô de S1. Nível de evidência IV; Estudo transversal retrospectivo.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Estimar la reproducibilidad intra e interobservador de la evaluación de la oblicuidad pélvica (OP) en pacientes con deformidades neuromusculares por el método que utiliza las crestas ilíacas y por el método que utiliza la meseta superior de S1 y evaluar si existe una relación entre los métodos. Métodos: Treinta radiografías panorámicas digitales de pacientes con parálisis cerebral y mielomeningocele acompañadosen clínica ambulatoria fueron evaluados por cuatro examinadores, dos cirujanosde columna de vasta experiencia y dos fellows. Se excluyeron dos radiografías porque imposibilitaban el análisis. Todos los exámenes se obtuvieron según el protocolo de acompañamiento periódico, en posición sentada, sobre película digitalizada y distancia foco-película de 110 cm. Resultados: Se observó una alta concordancia intra e interobservador tanto en el método que utiliza las crestas ilíacas como en el que evalúa la meseta de S1. Sin embargo no se observó ninguna relación significativa entre los dos métodos. Conclusiones: Los métodos evaluados presentaron buena reproducibilidad y concordancia entre los observadores. Se observó que, debido a la relación lineal existente, es posible estimar el valor del método de las crestas ilíacas conociendo el valor obtenido por el método demeseta de S1 multiplicado por 0,76. No hubo concordancia entre el método de evaluación de la OP por las crestas ilíacas en comparación conel método de evaluación por meseta de S1. Nivel de evidencia IV; Estudio transversal retrospectivo.

Surgical management of aged complex sacral injuries by lumbopelvic stabilization / Manejo cirúrgico das lesões complexas envelhecidas do sacro por estabilização lombopélvica / Manejo quirúrgico de lesiones complejas envejecidas del sacro por estabilización lumbopélvica

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the surgical indications, epidemiological data, radiographic outcomes, and postoperative complications of 16 cases of aged complex sacral fractures treated using bilateral spinopelvic fixation (PEF) or triangular osteosynthesis (OT) techniques in a case referral service. Traumatology and orthopedics complexes. Methods: A longitudinal study based on a retrospective review of patients' medical records with complex sacral fractures admitted between 2014 and 2020. All patients over 18 years of age whose time of evolution between the trauma and the surgical procedure was greater than or equal to three weeks were included. Results: The mean age was 39.8 years (18 to 71). Anterior pelvic ring injuries represented the most common association, present in 12 (75%) cases. In 8 (50%) cases, there was no neurological injury, 1 (6.2%) individual evolved with paresthesia, 2 (12.5%) with paresis in the lower limbs, and 5 (31.3%) with sphincter dysfunctions. Among the patients with neurological impairment, 4 (50%) evolved with complete improvement, 2 (25%) showed partial improvement, and 2 (25%) cases remained with the deficit. The mean surgical time was 3.6 hours for OT and 4.9 hours for FEP. Postoperative complications occurred in 4 (44.4%) patients who underwent PEF, and there were no postoperative complications in the OT group. Conclusions: The surgical management of these lesions using OT and FEP proved safe and effective. The minimum follow-up was 12 months, and all the individuals analyzed showed good evolution. Level of evidence IV; case series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as indicações cirúrgicas, dados epidemiológicos, desfechos radiográficos e complicações pós operatórias de uma série de 16 casos de fraturas complexas envelhecidas do sacro tratadas através das técnicas de fixação espinopélvica bilateral (FEP) ou osteossíntese triangular (OT) em um serviço de referência de casos complexos de traumatologia e ortopedia. Métodos: estudo longitudinal, baseado na revisão retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes com fraturas complexas do sacro, admitidos entre 2014 e 2020. Foram incluídos todos os pacientes acima de 18 anos cujo tempo de evolução entre o trauma e o procedimento cirúrgico foi maior ou igual a três semanas. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 39,8 anos (18 a 71 anos). As lesões do anel pélvico anterior representaram a associação mais comum, presentes em 12 (75%) casos. Em 8 (50%) casos não ocorreu lesão neurológica, 1 (6,2%) indivíduo evoluiu com parestesia, 2 (12,5%) com paresia nos membros inferiores e 5 (31,3%) com disfunções esfincterianas. Entre os pacientes com comprometimento neurológico, 4 (50%) evoluíram com melhora completa, 2 (25%) apresentaram melhora parcial e 2 (25%) casos permaneceram com o déficit. O tempo médio cirúrgico foi 3,6 horas para OT e 4,9 horas para FEP. Ocorreram complicações pós-operatórias em 4 (44,4%) pacientes que realizaram FEP e não houve complicações pós-operatórias no grupo submetido a OT. Conclusões: O manejo cirúrgico dessas lesões por meio da OT e FEP se mostrou seguro e eficaz. O seguimento mínimo foi de 12 meses e todos os indivíduos analisados apresentaram boa evolução. Nível de evidência IV; série de casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar las indicaciones quirúrgicas, datos epidemiológicos, resultados radiográficos y complicaciones postoperatorias de una serie de 16 casos de fracturas de sacro envejecidas y complejas tratadas mediante las técnicas de fijación espino pélvica bilateral (FEP) u osteosíntesis triangular (OT) en un servicio de referencia de traumatología y ortopedia. Métodos: estudio longitudinal, basado en una revisión retrospectiva de expedientes clínicos de los pacientes con fracturas sacras complejas ingresados entre 2014 y 2020. Se incluyeron en el estudio todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años cuyo tiempo de evolución entre el trauma y el procedimiento quirúrgico fue mayor o igual a tres semanas. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 39,8 años (18 a 71 años). Las lesiones anteriores del anillo pélvico representaron la asociación más frecuente, presente en 12 (75%) casos. En 8 (50%) casos no hubo lesión neurológica, 1 (6,2%) evolucionó con parestesia, 2 (12,5%) con paresia en miembros inferiores y 5 (31,3%) con disfunción esfinteriana. Entre los pacientes con deterioro neurológico, 4 (50%) evolucionaron con mejoría completa, 2 (25%) mostraron mejoría parcial y 2 (25%) casos permanecieron con déficit. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 3,6 horas para OT y de 4,9 horas para FEP. Las complicaciones postoperatorias ocurrieron en 4 (44,4%) pacientes que se sometieron a FEP y no hubo complicaciones postoperatorias en el grupo OT. Conclusiones: El manejo quirúrgico de estas lesiones mediante OT y FEP demostró ser seguro y efectivo. El seguimiento mínimo fue de 12 meses y todos los individuos analizados mostraron una buena evolución. Nivel de evidencia IV; Series de casos.

Complications after partial, total or extended sacrectomy: a case series / Complicações depois de sacrectomia parcial, total ou estendida: série de casos / Complicaciones después de sacrectomía parcial, total o extendida: serie de casos

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to conduct a survey of the different complications of partial, total or extended sacrectomy for the treatment of spinal tumors. Method This study is a descriptive analysis of medical records from a series of 18 patients who underwent sacrectomy between 2010 and 2019 at a tertiary center specializing in spinal tumor surgeries. The variables analyzed were sex, age, hospitalization time, oncologic diagnosis, posterior fixation pattern, rate of complications, and Frankel, ASA and ECOG scales. Results Of the 18 patients, 10 (55.5%) were male and 8 (44.5%) were female, and the mean age was 48 years. The mean hospitalization time was 23 days. Of the 18 patients, 8 (44.5%) contracted postoperative infections requiring surgery. Perioperative complications included liquoric fistula (22.25%), hemodynamic instability requiring vasoactive drugs in the immediate postoperative period (22.25%), wound dehiscence (11.1%), acute obstructive abdomen (11.1%), occlusion of the left external iliac artery (11.1%), immediate postoperative death due to acute myocardial infarction (11.1%), and intraoperative death due to hemodynamic instability (11.1%). Conclusions Partial, total or extended sacrectomy is a complex procedure with high morbidity and mortality, even in centers specializing in the treatment of spinal tumors. Level of evidence IV; case series study.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo é fazer um levantamento das diferentes complicações da sacrectomia parcial, total ou estendida para tratamento de tumores da coluna vertebral. Métodos O estudo é uma análise descritiva de prontuários de uma série de 18 pacientes submetidos à sacrectomia entre 2010 e 2019 em um centro terciário especializado em cirurgias de neoplasia na coluna. As variáveis analisadas foram sexo, idade, tempo de internação, diagnóstico oncológico, padrão de fixação posterior, taxa de complicações e escalas de Frankel, ASA e ECOG. Resultados Dos 18 pacientes, 10 (55,5%) eram homens e 8 (44,5%) mulheres com média de idade de 48 anos. O tempo médio de internação foi de 23 dias. Dos 18 pacientes, 8 (44,5%) contraíram infecções pós-operatórias com necessidade de cirurgia. As complicações perioperatórias incluíram fistula liquórica (22,25%), instabilidade hemodinâmica com necessidade de medicação vasoativa no pós-operatório imediato (22,25%), deiscência da ferida operatória (11,1%), abdome obstrutivo agudo (11,1%), oclusão da artéria ilíaca externa esquerda (11,1%), óbito pós-operatório imediato por infarto agudo do miocárdio (11,1%) e óbito intraoperatório por instabilidade hemodinâmica (11,1%). Conclusões A sacrectomia parcial, total ou estendida é um procedimento complexo com alta taxa de mortalidade e morbidade, mesmo em centros especializados no tratamento de tumores na coluna. Nível de evidência IV; Série de casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar las diferentes complicaciones de la sacrectomía parcial, total o extendida para el tratamiento de tumores vertebrales. Métodos El estudio es un análisis descriptivo de las historias clínicas de 18 pacientes sometidos a sacrectomía entre 2010 y 2019 en un centro terciario especializado en cirugías de neoplasia de columna. Las variables analizadas fueron sexo, edad, estancia hospitalaria, diagnóstico de cáncer, patrón de fijación posterior, tasa de complicaciones, escalas de Frankel, ASA y ECOG. Resultados De los 18 pacientes, 10 (55,5%) eran hombres y 8 (44,5%) mujeres con una edad promedio de 48 años. La estancia hospitalaria promedio fue de 23 días. De los 18 pacientes, 8 (44,5%) contrajeron infecciones posoperatorias que requirieron cirugía. Las complicaciones perioperatorias incluyeron fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo (22,25%), inestabilidad hemodinámica que requirió medicación vasoactiva en el posoperatorio inmediato (22,25%), dehiscencia de la herida quirúrgica (11,1%), abdomen obstructivo agudo (11,1%), oclusión de la arteria ilíaca externa izquierda (11,1%), muerte posoperatoria inmediata por infarto agudo de miocardio (11,1%) y muerte intraoperatoria por inestabilidad hemodinámica (11,1%). Conclusiones La sacrectomía parcial, total o extendida es un procedimiento complejo con una alta tasa de mortalidad y morbilidad, incluso en centros especializados en el tratamiento de tumores de la columna. Nivel de evidencia IV; Series de casos